|                      _oo0oo_
                      o8888888o
                      88" . "88
                      (| -_- |)
                      0\  =  /0
                    ___/`---'\___
                  .' \\|     |# '.
                 / \\|||  :  |||# \
                / _||||| -:- |||||- \
               |   | \\\  -  #/ |   |
               | \_|  ''\---/''  |_/ |
               \  .-\__  '-'  ___/-. /
             ___'. .'  /--.--\  `. .'___
          ."" '<  `.___\_<|>_/___.' >' "".
         | | :  `- \`.;`\ _ /`;.`/ - ` : | |
         \  \ `_.   \_ __\ /__ _/   .-` /  /
     =====`-.____`.___ \_____/___.-`___.-'=====
                       `=---='
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

               佛祖保佑         學習順利

simple_message = "Python is the best."
print(simple_message)

double_message = "Hello,"
print(double_message)
double_message = "How are you today?"
print(double_message)

name = "Mike"
say = f"Hello {name}, would you like to learn some Python today?"
print(say)

name = "Miao"
name_upper = name.upper()
name_lower = name.lower()
name_title = name.title()
print(name.upper())
print(name.lower())
print(name.title())

famous_person = "Albert Einstein"
dictum = "A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new."
print(f'{famous_person} said, "{dictum}"')

famous_person = "Albert Einstein"
dictum = "A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new."
message = f'{famous_person} said, "{dictum}"'
print(message)

a = "a\nbc "
b = " de\tf"
c = " g\nh\ti "
print(a)
print(b)
print(a.rstrip())
print(b.lstrip())
print(c.strip())

print(2 * 4)
print(2 ** 3)
print(4 + 4)
print(9 - 1)
print(16 / 2)

favourite_num = (2 + 3)
print(f"My favourite number is {favourite_num}.")

The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters

Beautiful is better than ugly. 
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than right now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

bicycles = ['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
print(bicycles[0])

name = ["xiao ming","xiao jun","xiao hong"]
print(name[0].title())
print(name[1].title())
print(name[2].title())

name = ["xiao ming","xiao jun","xiao hong"]
print(f"Hi {name[0].title()}, how are you today?")
print(f"Hi {name[1].title()}, how are you today?")
print(f"Hi {name[2].title()}, how are you today?")

name = ["car","motorcycle","plane"]
print(f"I want to have a {name[0].title()}.")
print(f"I hope to go to Moscow by {name[2]}.")
print(f"I would like wo own a Honda {name[1]}.")

name = ["Khrushchev", "Brezhnev", "Gorbachev"]
print(name)

name = ["Khrushchev", "Brezhnev", "Gorbachev"]
unavailable_name = name[2]
print(f"{name[3].title()} is busy to attend.")
name[0] = "Yeltsin" 
print(name)

name = ["Khrushchev", "Brezhnev", "Gorbachev"]
append_name_1 = "Ivasko"
append_name_2 = "Chernenko"
append_name_3 = "Andropov"
print(f"I found a bigger table so {append_name_1}, {append_name_2} and {append_name_3} can join us.")
name.insert(0, append_name_1) 
name.insert(1, append_name_2) 
name.append(append_name_3) 
print(name)
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[0]}, I am very happy to invite you to dinner.")
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[1]}, I am very happy to invite you to dinner.")
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[2]}, I am very happy to invite you to dinner.")
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[3]}, I am very happy to invite you to dinner.")
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[4]}, I am very happy to invite you to dinner.")

name = ["Khrushchev", "Brezhnev", "Gorbachev"]
append_name_1 = "Ivasko"
append_name_2 = "Chernenko"
append_name_3 = "Andropov"
name.insert(0, append_name_1) 
name.insert(1, append_name_2) 
name.append(append_name_3) 
print(name)
print("Sorry sir, I can only invite two to dinner.")
popped_name = name.pop()
print(f"Sorry Mr. {popped_name}, I cannot invite you to dinner.")
popped_name = name.pop()
print(f"Sorry Mr. {popped_name}, I cannot invite you to dinner.")
popped_name = name.pop()
print(f"Sorry Mr. {popped_name}, I cannot invite you to dinner.")
popped_name = name.pop()
print(f"Sorry Mr. {popped_name}, I cannot invite you to dinner.")
print(name)
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[0]}, you are still invited.")
print(f"Dear Mr. {name[1]}, you are still invited.")
del name[0]
del name[0]
print(name)

cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'subaru']
cars.sort(reverse=True)
print(cars)

place = ["Moscow", "Berlin", "Vienna", "London"]
print(place)
print(sorted(place))
print(place)
print(sorted(place))
print(sorted(place,reverse=True))
print(place)
place.reverse()
print(place)
place.reverse()
print(place)
place.sort()
print(place)
place.sort(reverse=True)
print(place)

name = ["Khrushchev", "Brezhnev", "Gorbachev"]
print(len(name))

motorcycles = ['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
print(motorcycles[3])  # 錯誤

magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(magician) 

magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")
    print(f"I can't wait to see your next trick, {magician.title()}.\n")

print("Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!")

pizzas = ["pepperon", "veggie lover's", "curry chicken"]
for pizza in pizzas:
    print(f"I really like {pizza.title()} pizza!")

print("\nI really love pizza!")

animals = ["dog", "pig", "tiger"]
for animal in animals:
    print(f"A {animal} would be a good pet.")

print("\nAny of these animals would make a great pet!")

for value in range(1, 5): 
    print(value)

numbers = list(range(1, 6))
print(numbers) 

even_numbers = list(range(2, 11, 2))
print(even_number)

numbers = range(1,21)
for number in numbers:
    print(number)

numbers = range(1,1000001)
for number in numbers:
    print(number)

numbers = list(range(1,1000001))
print(min(numbers))
print(max(numbers))
print(sum(numbers))

numbers = range(1,21,2)
for number in numbers:
    print(number)

numbers = range(0,31,3)
for number in numbers:
    print(number)

numbers = []
for value in range(1,11):
    numbers.append(value ** 3)

print(numbers)

numbers = [ value**3 for value in range(1,11)]
print(numbers)

players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
print(players[0:3])
print(players[:4])
print(players[2:])
print(players[-3:])

friend_foods = my_foods[:]
# NOT friend_foods = my_foods 
# 錯誤処將 my_foods 賦給 friend_foods，而不是將 my_foods 的副本賦給 friend_foods。

number = [value for value in range(1,11)]
print(f"The first three items in the list are: {number[:3]}")
print(f"Three items from the middle of the list are: {number[3:5]}")
print(f"The last three items in the list are: {number[-3:]}")

pizzas = ["pepperon", "veggie lover's", "curry chicken"]
friend_pizzas = pizzas[:]
pizzas.append("i dont know pizza name 1")
friend_pizzas.append("i dont know pizza name 2")

pizza = []
for value in pizzas[:]:
    pizza.append(value)

print(pizza)

friend_pizza = []
for value in friend_pizzas[:]:
    friend_pizza.append(value)

print(friend_pizza)

my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
friend_foods = my_foods[:]
my_foods = [my_food for my_food in my_foods[:]]
friend_foods = [friend_food for friend_food in friend_foods[:]]
print(f"My favorite foods are: {my_foods}")
print(f"My friend's favorite foods are: {friend_foods}")

dimensions = (200, 50)
print(dimensions[0])
print(dimensions[1])

dimensions = (200, 50)
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension) 

dimensions = (200, 50)
print("Original dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

dimensions = (400, 100)
print("\nModified dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

foods = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
for food in foods:
    print(food)

modified_foods = (1, 2, 3, 6, 7)
for modified_food in modified_foods:
    print(modified_food)

cars = ['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']

for car in cars:
    if car == 'bmw':
        print(car.upper())
    else:
        print(car.title())

car = 'subaru'
print("Is car == 'subaru'? I predict True.")
print(car == 'subaru')

print("\nIs car == 'audi'? I predict False.")
print(car == 'audi')

age  =  19
if age >= 18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")

age = 17
if age >= 18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
else: 
    print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
    print("Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!")

age  =  12
if age < 4:
    print("Your admission cost is $0.")
elif age < 18:
    print("Your admission cost is $25.")
else:
    print("Your admission cost is $40.")

age = 12
if age < 4:
    price = 0
elif age < 18:
    price = 25
else:
    price = 40

print(f"Your admission cost is ${price}.") 

colour = "red"
if colour == "green":
    print("You get 5 score!")

colour = "red"
if colour == "red":
    print("You get 5 score!")

colour = "red"
if colour == "green":
    print("You get 5 score!")
if colour != "green":
    print("You get 10 score!")

## 第二個版本
colour = "red"
if colour == "green":
    print("You get 5 score!")
else:
    print("You get 10 score!")

colour = "red"
if colour == "green":
    print("You get 5 score!")
elif colour == "yellow":
    print("You get 10 score!")
else:
    print("You get 15 score!")

age = "48"
if age < "2":
    print("嬰兒")
elif "2" <= age < "4":
    print("小屁孩")
elif "4" <= age < "13":
    print("兒童")
elif "13" <= age < "20":
    print("青少年")
elif "20" <= age < "65":
    print("成年人")
else:
    print("老年人")

favorite_fruits = ["apple", "balana", "orange"]
for favorite_fruit in favorite_fruits:
    if favorite_fruit == "balana":
        print("You really like bananas!")

usernames = ["a", "admin", "b", "c", "d"]
for username in usernames:
    if username == "admin":
        print("Hello admin, would you like to see a status report? ")
    else:
        print("Hello Jaden, thank you for logging in again.")

usernames = []
if usernames:
    for username in usernames:
        print(username)
else:
    print("Are you sure you want a plain username?")

```python

#### 練習 5-10 檢查用戶名

```python
current_users = ["a", "admin", "b", "c", "d"]
new_users = ["c", "d", "e", "f", "g", ]

```python

#### 練習 5-11 序數

```python
num = 1
list = list(range(1,10))
for value in list:
    if value < 10:
        print(f"{num}th")
        num = num + 1
    elif value == 9:
        print("9th")
    else:
        print("I do not know how to do this.")

alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}

print(alien_0['color'])
print(alien_0['points'])

alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}

alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
new_points = alien_0['points']
print(f"You just earned {new_points} points!") 

alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
print(alien_0)

alien_0['x_position'] = 0
alien_0['y_position'] = 25
print(alien_0)

alien_0  =  {}

alien_0['color'] = 'green'
alien_0['points'] = 5

print(alien_0) 

alien_0 = {'color': 'green'}
print(f"The alien is {alien_0['color']}.")

alien_0['color'] = 'yellow'
print(f"The alien is now {alien_0['color']}.") 

alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
print(alien_0)

del alien_0['points']
print(alien_0)

info = {"first_name" : "m", "last_name" : "c",  "age": "99", "city" : "Beijing"}
print(f"My first name is {info['first_name'].title()}, ")
print(f"My last name is {info['last_name'].title()}, ")
print(f"I am {info['age']} y.o.")
print(f"and I am living in {info['city']}.")

num = {"a" : "1", "b" : "2", "c" : "3", "d" : "4", "e" : "5", }
print(f"A's favourite number is {num['a']},")
print(f"B's favourite number is {num['b']},")
print(f"C's favourite number is {num['c']},")
print(f"D's favourite number is {num['d']},")
print(f"E's favourite number is {num['e']}.")

user_0 = {
    'username': 'efermi',
    'first': 'enrico',
    'last': 'fermi',
    }
for key, value in user_0.items():
    print(f"\nKey: {key}")
    print(f"Value: {value}")

favorite_languages = {
    --snip--
    }

print("The following languages have been mentioned:")
for language in set(favorite_languages.values()):
    print(language.title()

rivers = {
    'nile': 'egypt',
    'amazon': 'brazil',
    'yangtze': 'china',
}
for river, country in rivers.items():
    print(f"The {river.title()} runs through {country.title()}.")

favorite_languages = {
    'a': 'python',
    'b': 'go',
    'c': 'julia',
}
people = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

for person in favorite_languages.keys():
    print(f"Hi {person.title()}, thank you for participating in our survey.")

print()

for person in people:
    if person not in favorite_languages.keys():
        print(f"Hey {person.title()}, would you like to participate in our survey?")

info1 = {"first_name" : "m", "last_name" : "c",  "age": "99", "city" : "beijing"}
info2 = {"first_name" : "z", "last_name" : "y",  "age": "98", "city" : "xinyang"}
info3 = {"first_name" : "k", "last_name" : "m",  "age": "97", "city" : "puyang"}
persons = [info1, info2, info3]

people = []
for person in persons:
    people.append(person)

for person in people:
    print(f"{person['first_name'].title()}{person['last_name'].title()} is {person['age']} y.o and lived in {person['city'].title()}.")

favorite_places = {
    "mc" : ["moscow", "warsaw", "berlin"],
    "km" : ["beijing", "new york"],
    "yd" : ["singapore"],
}

for person, favorite_place in favorite_places.items():
    print(f"{person.title()}'s favorite places are: ")
    for value in favorite_place:
        print(f"\t{value.title()}")

>>> age = input("How old are you? ")
How old are you? 21
>>> age
'21'

>>> age = input("How old are you? ")
How old are you? 21
>>> age = int(age)
>>> age >= 18
True

number = input("Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: ")
number = int(number)
if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"\nThe number {number} is even.")
else:
    print(f"\nThe number {number} is odd.")

car = input("Which car would you like to rent: ")
print(f"Let me see if I can find you a {car.title()}.")

num = input("How many people will be dining?\n")
num = int(num)
if num > 8:
    print("There are no more spaces here.")
else:
    print("There is enough free space here.")

num = input("You can enter any number here!\n")
num = int(num)

if num % 10 == 0:
    print("This number is an integer multiple of 10.")
else:
    print("This number is not an integer multiple of 10.")

prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "

active = True
while active:
    message = input(prompt)

    if message == 'quit':
        active = False
    else:
        print(message)

prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited:"
prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) "

while True:
    city = input(prompt)

    if city == 'quit':
        break
    else:
        print(f"I'd love to go to {city.title()}!")

current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
    current_number += 1
    if current_number % 2 == 0:
        continue

    print(current_number)

ingredients = []
prompt = "What kind of pizza ingredients do you need?\n"

active = True

while True:
    values = input(prompt)

    if values != "quit":
        print(f"We will add {values} to the pizza.\n")
        ingredients.append(values)
    else:
        break

print(f"\nOK. We will add:")
for value in ingredients:
    print(f"\t{value}")
print("to the pizza. Thanks.")

# 1 條件測試

ingredients = []
prompt = "What kind of pizza ingredients do you need?\n"

active = True

message = ""

while message != "quit":
    value = input(prompt)
    message = value
    ingredients.append(value)

print(f"\nOK. We will add:")
for value in ingredients:
    print(f"\t{value}")
print("to the pizza. Thanks.")

#  首先，创建一个待验证用户列表users.py
#   和一个用于存储已验证用户的空列表。
unconfirmed_users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace']
confirmed_users = []

# 验证每个用户，直到没有未验证用户为止。
#   将每个经过验证的用户都移到已验证用户列表中。
while unconfirmed_users:
    current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()

    print(f"Verifying user: {current_user.title()}")
    confirmed_users.append(current_user) 

# 显示所有已验证的用户。
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed:")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
    print(confirmed_user.title())

pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
print(pets)

while 'cat' in pets:
    pets.remove('cat')

print(pets)

responses  =  {}

# 设置一个标志，指出调查是否继续。
polling_active = True 

while polling_active:
    # 提示输入被调查者的名字和回答。
    name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")
    response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")

    # 将回答存储在字典中。
    responses[name] = response

    # 看看是否还有人要参与调查。
    repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) ")
    if repeat == 'no':
        polling_active = False 

    # 调查结束，显示结果。
    print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
    for name, response in responses.items():
        print(f"{name} would like to climb {response}.") 

sandwich_orders = ["a", "b", "c"]
finished_sandwiches = []

while sandwich_orders != []:
    sandwich_order = sandwich_orders.pop()
    finished_sandwiches.append(sandwich_order)
    print(f"I made your {sandwich_order}")

print()

for finished_sandwiche in finished_sandwiches:
    print(finished_sandwiche)

sandwich_orders = ["a", "pastrami", "b", "pastrami", "c", "pastrami"]

print("The pastrami has been sold out.")

while "pastrami" in sandwich_orders:
    sandwich_orders.remove("pastrami")

print(sandwich_orders)

responses = {}

active = True

while active:
    name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")
    response = input("If you could visit one place in the world, where would you go? ")

    responses[name] = response

    repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) ")
    if repeat.lower() == "no":
        active = False

for name, response in responses.items():
    print(f"\n{name.title()} would like to go to {response.title()}.")

def greet_user():
    print("Hello!")

greet_user()

def greet_user(username):
    print(f"Hello, {username.title()}!")

greet_user('jesse')

def display_message():
    print("蛤？")

display_message()

def favorite_book(name):
    print(f"One of my favorite books is {name}.")

favorite_book("Alice in Wonderland")

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')

def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
# or describe_pet('willie')

def make_shirt(size, figure):
    print(...)

make_shirt(xxx, xxxx)

def make_shirt(size='bbbbbbig', figure):
    print(...)

make_shirt(xxxx)

def describe_city(city, country='China'):
    print(f"{city.title()} is in {country.title()}.")

describe_city('hubei')
describe_city('st. petersburg', 'russia')
describe_city('london', 'united kingdom')

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
    full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
    ## 如果沒有這個判斷，缺失的 middle_name 將由空格代替。
    if middle_name:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
    else:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee')
print(musician)

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
    full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

while True:
    print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
    print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")

    f_name = input("First name: ")
    if f_name == 'q':
        break

    l_name = input("Last name: ")
    if l_name == 'q':
        break

    formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
    print(f"\nHello, {formatted_name}!")

def city_country(city, country):
    output = f'"{city}, {country}"'
    return output.title()

answer = city_country('santiago', 'chile')
print(answer)

def make_album(name, album_name, num='None'):
    if num:
        output = {"Name": name.title(), "Album name": album_name.title(), "Number": num}
    else:
        output = output = {"Name": name.title(), "Album name": album_name.title()}
    return output

output = make_album('abc', 'def', '100')
print(output)
output = make_album('jkl', 'mno')
print(output)

def make_album(name, album_name, num='None'):
    if num:
        output = {"Name": name.title(), "Album name": album_name.title(), "Number": num}
    else:
        output = output = {"Name": name.title(), "Album name": album_name.title()}
    return output

while True:
    print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
    print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")

    name = input("\nName? ")
    if name == "q":
        break
    album_name = input("\nAlbum name? ")
    if name == "q":
        break
    break
output = make_album(name, album_name)
print(f"\n{output}")

def greet_users(names):
    for name in names:
        msg = f"Hello, {name.title()}!"
        print(msg)

usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)

unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

while unprinted_designs:
    current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
    print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
    completed_models.append(current_design)

print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
    print(completed_model)

# 或

def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
        print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
        completed_models.append(current_design)

def show_completed_models(completed_models):
    print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
    for completed_model in completed_models:
        print(completed_model)

unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

def show_messages(messages):
    for message in messages:
        print(message)

messages = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
show_messages(messages)

def send_messages(values):
    sent_messages = []
    while values != []:
        sent_message = values.pop()
        print(sent_message)
        sent_messages.append(sent_message)

    print(values)
    print(sent_messages)

values = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
send_messages(values)

def send_messages(values):
    sent_messages = []
    archives = values[:]
    while values != []:
        sent_message = values.pop()
        print(sent_message)
        sent_messages.append(sent_message)

    print(values)
    print(archives)
    print(sent_messages)

values = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
send_messages(values) 

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
    print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print(f"- {topping}")

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
    user_info['first_name'] = first
    user_info['last_name'] = last
    return user_info

user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',
                            location='princeton',
                            field='physics')
print(user_profile)

def ingredients(*ingredients):
    for ingredient in ingredients:
        print(f"I need {ingredient}")

ingredients("a", "b", "c")

def make_car(manufacture, model, **info):
    info['manufacture'] = manufacture
    info['model'] = model
    return info

car = make_car('subaru', 'outback', color='blue', tow_package=True)
print(car)

from module_name import function_name

module_name.function_name()

from module_name import function_name as fn复制

from module_name import *

class Dog:

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def sit(self):
        print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.")

    def roll_over(self):
        print(f"{self.name} rolled over!")

my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
your_dog = Dog('Lucy', 3)

print(f"My dog's name is {my_dog.name}.")
print(f"My dog is {my_dog.age} years old.")
my_dog.sit()

print(f"\nYour dog's name is {your_dog.name}.")
print(f"Your dog is {your_dog.age} years old.")
your_dog.sit()

class Restaurant:
    def __init__(restaurant, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):
        restaurant.restaurant_name = restaurant_name.title()
        restaurant.cuisine_type = cuisine_type

    def describe_restaurant(restaurant):
        print(f"The restaurant's name is {restaurant.restaurant_name} and the type of cuisine is {restaurant.cuisine_type}.")

    def open_restaurant(restaurant):
        print("The restaurant is open.")

restaurant = Restauran t("abcde", "classic")
restaurant.describe_restaurant()
restaurant.open_restaurant()

class User:
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        self.first_name = first_name.title()
        self.last_name = last_name.title()

    def describe_user(self):
        print(f"Your first name is {self.first_name} and your last name is {self.last_name}.")

    def greet_user(self):
        print(f"Hello {self.first_name} {self.last_name}!")

self = User("Wukong", "Sun")
self.describe_user()
self.greet_user()

class Car:
    --snip--

my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

class Car:
    --snip--

    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

class Car:
    --snip--

    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        --snip--

    def increment_odometer(self, miles):
        self.odometer_reading += miles

my_used_car = Car('subaru', 'outback', 2015)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_used_car.update_odometer(23_500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_odometer(100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

class Restaurant:
    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):
        self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name.title()
        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
        self.number_served = 0

    def describe_restaurant(self):
        print(f"The restaurant's name is {self.restaurant_name} and the type of cuisine is {self.cuisine_type}.")

    def open_restaurant(self):
        print("The restaurant is open.")

    def read_number_served(self):
        print(f"{self.number_served} people have eaten in the restaurant.")

    def set_number_served(self, number):
        self.number_served = number

    def incream_number_served(self, number):
        self.number_served += number


restaurant = Restaurant("abcde", "classic")
restaurant.describe_restaurant()
restaurant.read_number_served()

restaurant.set_number_served(100)
restaurant.read_number_served()

restaurant.incream_number_served(500)
restaurant.read_number_served()

class User:
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        self.first_name = first_name.title()
        self.last_name = last_name.title()
        self.login_attempts = 0

    def describe_user(self):
        print(f"Your first name is {self.first_name} and your last name is {self.last_name}.")

    def greet_user(self):
        print(f"Hello {self.first_name} {self.last_name}!")

    def read_login_attempts(self):
        print(f"The login attempt number is {self.login_attempts}.")

    def increment_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts = self.login_attempts + 1

    def reset_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts = 0

self = User("Wukong", "Sun")
self.describe_user()
self.greet_user()
self.read_login_attempts()

self.increment_login_attempts()
self.read_login_attempts()

self.reset_login_attempts()
self.read_login_attempts()

class Car:

    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"This car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it.")

    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

    def increment_odometer(self, miles):
        self.odometer_reading += miles

class ElectricCar(Car):

    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        super().__init__(make, model, year)

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

class Car:
    --snip--

class ElectricCar(Car):

    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        self.battery_size = 75

    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-kWh battery.")

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.describe_battery()

class Car:
    --snip--

class Battery:
    def __init__(self, battery_size=75):
        self.battery_size = battery_size

    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-kWh battery.")

class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        self.battery = Battery()

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019)

print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()

class Restaurant:
    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):
        self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name.title()
        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type

    def describe_restaurant(self):
        print(f"The restaurant's name is {self.restaurant_name} and the type of cuisine is {self.cuisine_type}.")

    def open_restaurant(self):
        print("The restaurant is open.")

class IceCreamStand(Restaurant):
    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):
        super().__init__(restaurant_name, cuisine_type)
        self.flavors = []

    def describe_icecreamstand(self):
        print("There are many flavors of ice cream in the icecreamstand, such as:")
        for flavor in self.flavors:
            print(f"\t{flavor.title()}")

my_icecreamstand = IceCreamStand("A", "classic")
my_icecreamstand.flavors = ["a", "b", "c"]
my_icecreamstand.describe_icecreamstand()

class User:
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        self.first_name = first_name.title()
        self.last_name = last_name.title()
        self.login_attempts = 0

    def describe_user(self):
        print(f"Your first name is {self.first_name} and your last name is {self.last_name}.")

class Admin(User):
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        super().__init__(first_name, last_name)
        self.privileges = ["can add post", "can delete post", "can ban user"]

    def show_privileges(self):
        print(f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} has the following privileges:")
        for privilege in self.privileges:
            print(f"\t- {privilege}")

admin = Admin("Wukong", "Sun")
admin.show_privileges()

class User:
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        self.first_name = first_name.title()
        self.last_name = last_name.title()
        self.login_attempts = 0

    def describe_user(self):
        print(f"Your first name is {self.first_name} and your last name is {self.last_name}.")

class Privileges():
    def __init__(self):
        self.privileges = ["can add post", "can delete post", "can ban user"]

    def show_privileges(self):
        print("Admin has the following privileges:")
        for privilege in self.privileges:
            print(f"\t- {privilege}")

class Admin(User):
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        super().__init__(first_name, last_name)
        self.own_privileges = Privileges()

admin = Admin("Wukong", "Sun")
admin.own_privileges.show_privileges()

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"This car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it.")

    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

    def increment_odometer(self, miles):
        self.odometer_reading += miles

class Battery:
    def __init__(self, battery_size=75):
        self.battery_size = battery_size

    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-kWh battery.")

    def get_range(self):
        if self.battery_size == 75:
            range = 260
        elif self.battery_size == 100:
            range = 315
        print(f"This car can go about {range} miles on a full charge.")

    def upgrade_battery(self):
        if self.battery_size != 100:
            self.battery_size = 100
            print("Battery upgrade successfully!")

class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        self.battery = Battery()

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
my_tesla.battery.get_range()

my_tesla.battery.upgrade_battery()
my_tesla.battery.get_range()

>>> from random import randint
>>> randint(1, 6)
3

>>> from random import choice
>>> players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
>>> first_up = choice(players)
>>> first_up
'florence'

from random import randint

class Die:
    def __init__(self, sides = 6):
        self.sides = sides

    def roll_die(self, time = 10):
        print(f"with the {self.sides} sides dice, play in {time} times:" )
        for num in range(time):
            self.result = randint(1, self.sides)
            print(f"\tThe {num + 1} time: You get a result {self.result}.")

die = Die()
die.roll_die()

die = Die(10)
die.roll_die()

die = Die(20)
die.roll_die()

from random import choice

possibilities = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

winning_ticket = []
print("Let's see what the winning ticket is...")

while len(winning_ticket) < 4:
    pulled_item = choice(possibilities)
    if pulled_item not in winning_ticket:
        print(f" \tWe pulled a {pulled_item}!")
        winning_ticket.append(pulled_item)

from random import choice

possibilities = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

winning_ticket = []
print("Let's see what the winning ticket is...")

while len(winning_ticket) < 4:
    pulled_item = choice(possibilities)
    if pulled_item not in winning_ticket:
        print(f"\tWe pulled a {pulled_item}!")
        winning_ticket.append(pulled_item)

print(f"Ok ,the winning ticket are: {winning_ticket}")

my_ticket = []
num = 0
active = True
while active:
    while len(winning_ticket) < 4:
        pulled_item = choice(possibilities)
        if pulled_item not in my_ticket:
            my_ticket.append(pulled_item)
    num = num + 1
    for value in my_ticket:
        if value in winning_ticket:
            active = False
    if num == 100000000000:
        active = False
print(num)

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
print(contents.rstrip())

with open('text_files/filename.txt') as file_object:

file_path = '/home/ehmatthes/other_files/text_files/_filename_.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
    for line in file_object:
        print(line.rstrip()

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()

for line in lines:
    print(line.rstrip())

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
    pi_string += line.strip()

print(pi_string)
print(len(pi_string))

>>> message = "I really like dogs."
>>> message.replace('dog', 'cat')
'I really like cats.'

filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
    file_object.write("I love programming.\n")
    file_object.write("I love creating new games.\n")

filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
    file_object.write("I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n")
    file_object.write("I love creating apps that can run in a browser.\n")

def record_guest():
    name = input("Hey! Please type your name: ")
    with open("guest.txt", "a") as file_object:
        file_object.write(f"{name}\n")

record_guest()